Prostatectomy

A diagnosis is required before a prostatectomy. Surgery is not easy to perform, and there is no guarantee of recovery or complications after the surgery. Further examinations such as ultrasound, X-ray, CT, and MRI are needed to thoroughly determine the cause and then decide how to treat it.

Pathological diagnosis

Prostate cancer is highly malignant, with obvious local infiltration and lymphatic metastasis in the early stage. The tumor often invades the seminal vesicle and the pelvic walls on both sides, and rarely invades the rectum. It metastasizes to the nearby pelvic lymph nodes along the lymphatic vessels, and then to the internal iliac, common iliac, para-aortic, diaphragmatic lymph nodes, and even supraclavicular lymph nodes. Prostate cancer can also metastasize to bones through the blood vessels, most commonly the pelvis, lumbar spine, femur, and ribs. It can also metastasize to the lungs, liver, kidneys, brain and other organs through the blood vessels.

Digital rectal examination of the prostate is an effective method for diagnosing prostate cancer. Since this type of cancer often occurs in the posterior lobe and the edges of the lateral lobes of the prostate, the lesions are hard in texture, so the rectal finger position can touch the nodules. The indicative manifestations of prostate cancer are enlarged glands, hard nodules, unevenness, disappearance of the central groove, fixed glands, and sometimes invasion of the intestinal wall. If a digital rectal examination is performed on men over 45 years old, prostate cancer can be detected early and the cure rate can be improved. If a nodule is found on the prostate during digital examination, the possibility of this disease should be considered regardless of its distribution location, whether it protrudes from the gland, or whether it is regular. If prostate cancer can be detected and diagnosed early, better treatment effects can be achieved.

In addition, the commonly used clinical examinations include:

(1)Ultrasound examination.

(2) X-ray examination.

(3) Radionuclide scanning examination.

(4) CT examination.

(5) Magnetic resonance imaging.

(6) Cytological examination of urine and prostatic fluid.

(7) Acid phosphatase (PAP) assay.

(8) Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement.

(9) Determination of glycosylation protein (r-Sm).

(10) Prostate biopsy.