Testosterone

The testicles are particularly important to men. They are also the most important part of the body. The testicles are of great help. First of all, they are of great help to the male reproductive system. At the same time, the testosterone secreted from the testicles not only indicates that men have normal development, but also can be secreted and produced. However, sometimes the amount of testosterone is incorrect, or the testosterone is too low, which will have an impact on the body.

Normal value

Adults: Male 14-25.4 nmol/L Female 1.3-2.8 nmol

/L Children: male <8.8nmol/L Female <0.7nmol/L Pregnancy: 2.7～5.3nmol/L

Testosterone: Clinical Significance

Increased: idiopathic male precocious puberty, familial male precocious puberty, adrenal cortical hyperplasia, adrenal cortical tumor (adenocarcinoma increases significantly, adenoma also often increases), testicular tumor, testicular feminization, polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian virilization tumor, pineal tumor, idiopathic hirsutism, hypothyroidism, androgen, HCG and estrogen treatment are moderate.

Decrease: Trisomy 21, uremia, myotonia, liver dysfunction, trapped testis, primary or secondary hypogonadism (Klinefelter syndrome, Kallman syndrome, etc.), after discontinuation of androgen therapy, etc.

Reduced: male testicular dysgenesis, quasi-anotesticular syndrome, hypothalamic or pituitary hypogonadism. In addition, it is also seen in hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis, renal failure, severe trauma, and chronically ill patients.

How it works

Testosterone has two effects on humans and other vertebrates:

Activates androgen receptors directly or in the form of serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT); converted to estradiol, activates certain estrogen receptors.

Free testosterone is transported to the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it binds to androgen receptors or is converted to serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5α-reductase. DHT also binds to androgen receptors (this binding is more stable, and the male hormone strength of DHT is about 2.5 times that of testosterone). Testosterone receptors or serum dihydrotestosterone receptors undergo structural changes, allowing them to enter the cell nucleus and bind to specific nucleotides in chromosome DNA. The binding area is called the hormone response element (HRE), which affects the replication activity of certain genes and produces male hormone effects.

Other chordates also have androgen receptors in their tissues, and males and females respond to testosterone in a similar way. Differences in testosterone levels between males and females before birth can lead to biological differences during puberty or throughout life.