This thing that all men have can actually filter out all kinds of toxins

Normal people have two kidneys, one on each side of the spine, with exactly the same functions. However, the structure of the kidney is more complex and sophisticated than any water treatment equipment that humans can create. Some abnormal changes in urine can be seen as manifestations of certain diseases and must be paid attention to.

How do the kidneys work?

Normal people have two kidneys, one on each side of the spine, with exactly the same functions. Usually after one kidney is removed, the other kidney can take over the original workload. The internal structure of the kidney is divided into two parts: the renal parenchyma and the renal pelvis. The structure of the kidney is more complex and sophisticated than any water treatment equipment that humans can create.

In the kidney substance of less than 100 grams, there are more than one million "nephrons". Each nephron is composed of a glomerulus and a renal convoluted tubule. The glomerulus is actually a group of capillaries formed by the branches of the renal arteries. When blood flows through the glomerulus, it is like passing through a sieve, and the blood that is useless to the human body is filtered out, forming urine and excreted from the body.

The amount of blood that flows through the kidneys every day is as high as 1,500 liters, and the filtrate (primary urine) filtered out by the glomerulus is about 150 liters. This primary urine is further concentrated by the renal tubules. The renal tubules lead out from the glomerulus, and after several bends, 99% of the primary urine is reabsorbed into the blood here, and only 1% is finally excreted as urine.

After the blood flows out of the renal tubules, it enters the trumpet-shaped "waste water" collection system that gradually expands - the renal calyx. From the renal calyx, it enters the renal calyx, then passes through the renal pelvis to the ureter, and finally flows into the bladder. When a certain amount of urine is stored in the bladder, it triggers the urge to urinate and is excreted from the body.

Diagnosis of diseases by urine

Normal urine is mostly straw yellow or light yellow. The depth of urine color depends on the concentration of urine. If you drink a lot of water, the color of urine can become lighter, and vice versa, if you drink very little water, the color of urine can become darker. In the case of sweating a lot and drinking little water, not only will the urine be less, but the color will also be darker. These are normal physiological changes of the human body and are not surprising. However, some abnormal changes in urine can be regarded as manifestations of certain diseases and must be paid attention to.

Hematuria reflects different diseases depending on the circumstances of hematuria discharge. For example, hematuria at the beginning of urination is called initial hematuria, which often indicates that there is a lesion in the urethra; hematuria at the end of urination is called terminal hematuria, which indicates that there is a lesion in the posterior urethra or bladder neck; if there is hematuria from the beginning to the end of urination, it is called full-course hematuria, which often indicates that there is a lesion in the urinary system above the bladder neck (including bladder, ureter, kidney). Regardless of the situation of hematuria, we must be vigilant.

Turbid urine may be caused by purulent substances in the urine. It indicates inflammation of the urinary system, such as infection caused by obstruction caused by urinary stones, or urinary tract tuberculosis. You should go to a specialist for examination and treatment. In addition, if the intra-abdominal lymphatic vessels are blocked (such as patients with filariasis), the urine may also be milky white, which is called chyluria.

Frequent urination A normal adult urinates about 4 to 5 times a day, including 0 to 1 time at night, and the amount of urine discharged each time is about 300 to 500 ml. Frequent urination refers to the situation of increased urination frequency. Drinking more water on weekdays, being nervous, and eating more watermelons in summer will increase the frequency of urination. These are all normal physiological changes. However, some diseases can also cause frequent urination, such as prostatitis, prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infection, diabetes, and diabetes insipidus.

Urinary urgency refers to the feeling of having to urinate quickly, which often indicates inflammation of the bladder and posterior urethra.

Dysuria refers to the pain in the urethra during urination. Generally, it is caused by inflammation. If it hurts at the beginning of urination, it indicates urethral inflammation; if it hurts at the end of urination, it reflects bladder or prostate inflammation, or even other diseases.